Questions On The Marketing Strategy - 1021 Words

Critical Issues – Andrew Deihl (1) Luluemon Athletica Inc. has done well to get into the yoga market and maintain their leading role in the market. However, they have also struggled in a few key areas of their business model. These areas are important to for lululemon athletica inc. to address in order to improve their stand in the market. Marketing A major issue with Lululemon Athletica Inc. is their marketing strategy. Currently, they are following a marketing strategy similar to word-of-mouth, focusing solely on a few key players to help get lululemon out there (Marketing, BUS 340). This stems from various grassroots, community-based marketing efforts and the use of social media. The main sources come from two key people that work†¦show more content†¦The lack of mass marketing is hurting the brand awareness of lululemon, which is important in order to survive in the industry with leaders like Nike, Adidas and others specifically targeting their market like Bebe and Athleta. Included with the stiff competition lululemon faces are their limited markets that they choose to focus their business strategy on. Niche Market Lululemon has chosen to place itself with a very focused target market. Initially, lululemon’s primary target was sophisticated and educated women who understand the importance of an active, healthy lifestyle. Since then, they have broaden there market target to include fitness apparel outside yoga for women and hit other large market segments, like men’s and female youths fitness apparel. Unfortunately, this target switch has happened very late in their growth, which can explain some issues, but there is a bigger problem within their original target market. In March 2013, lululemon faced a set back when their women’s black Luon pants were sheer and it was visibly recognizable that others could see the garments worn underneath. When this happened, lululemon fired back by stating in a Facebook post that they only manufactured women’s size 2-12 and had no plans of changing the sizing structure. This alone is a huge flaw in their company’s strategy. Th e company’s goal was to sell to

The Emergence Of Social Media - 1233 Words

Introduction: The emergence of social media has dramatically changed the way organizations communicate and conduct businesses. This new found technology is forging and creating new way for businesses to communicate their ideas to larger audiences across the world in real time. Carefully worded press releases, flashy commercials and costly newspaper and billboard advertisements usually designed to appeal to consumers has been replaced with with social media platform that can reach larger audiences in real time. Consumers can post their likes or dislikes about a business or its products in split second. Businesses too have to deal with the enormous feedback they received from their customers on social media. Businesses have to deal†¦show more content†¦With everything there is for business to grow and be profitable, social media is pushing businesses to a whole new level. In this paper, I will discuss and analyze the importance of social media and how Social Media is c hanging the way organizations communicate and conduct businesses. I will also attempt to synthesize the material content gather from this course and from my research. Why social Media provides enormous opportunities for businesses? The inception of social media has usher in a new frontier for marketing. Businesses are now utilizing this cutting edge technology to expand and compete in new markets. Social media is the most popular community that brings together people from diverse backgrounds. Businesses have realized how important social media is and are taking ever advantage of the enormous opportunities it provides. Social media is so well integrated into our everyday lives. Some people think of social media as a common extension of their communities. This is so because matters pertaining to people and their communities are discussed freely on social media. People are free to speak their minds, information are share without having to go through intensive scrutiny or the bureaucratic nuances that exist in our everyday world. Also, the cost of advertisement and making the business

Business Ethics (Grapes Of Wrath Essay Example For Students

Business Ethics (Grapes Of Wrath Essay Business Ethics Essay Business ethics are a moral code that people conducting any sort of business should feel honorably obligated to follow. People are definitely morally responsible to follow a code of ethics and should never cheat each other. Parts of this code of ethics should be honesty, integrity, fidelity, charity, responsibility, and self-discipline. Those ethics should apply both to a person buying something, and a person selling something. I dont believe that a person should be forced to follow the caveat emptor policy, on the basis that it is unfair and unjust both to the buyer and seller. If you are an ethical person, you should not have to warn people to beware. A person selling something is morally obligated to inform the purchaser of several things: the value of the car at cost, faithfulness to the client, and be able to answer any questions honestly, without any hold-backs. In The Grapes of Wrath, it is obvious that the car dealer was not ethical at all. For example, they used to coerce women into liking specific cars, so the husband would have to feel forced to buy the car to impress their girlfriends/wives. Another example is how the car dealer used to put lousy parts into the cars and sell them, knowing that the car would break down 5 miles down the road. He took advantage of the peoples necessity to get out of Oklahoma for his own personal gain. Also, the buyer has a certain responsibility too. They need to make sure to not completely trust the seller, because not everyone is ethical. They should examine the goods carefully, ask educated questions, and read up on the topic before going ahead and buying something. For example, in The Grapes of Wrath, the car dealer was able to take more advantage of the people because he can see the raw need on their faces, and how they didnt really ask anything to make him give them a better deal. Therefore, the people didnt do their part of being ethical buyers to get the best and most honest deal. The advertiser also has a big responsibility too, to be honest in the ads. For example, in The Grapes of Wrath, the car dealership advertised a nice car at a very cheap price, but they never sold that car. They lied to the people who wanted to buy that car, saying that it had just been sold. They took advantage of the peoples naivet, and that is very wrong. Those car dealers were definitely unethical, taking advantage of people just because the demand was greater than the supply, they seized upon the opportunity to rip people off of their hard-earned money. Words / Pages : 450 / 24 .

Using a Daily Motivational Quiz to Increase Student Preparation, Attendance, and Participation

Summary of the Paper Evidently, the provided paper discerns the use of daily motivational quiz to increase the participation, attendance, and preparation of students. It is noted that freshmen and sophomore students who hardly pursue accounting majors (as a career choice) later in their education programs embrace introductory accounting lessons.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Using a ‘‘Daily Motivational Quiz’’ to Increase Student Preparation, Attendance, and Participation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These are, however, not highly motivated and thus present instructors with the challenge of finding ways of motivating them effectively. The motivation is aimed at improving their ability to get ready for class, be punctual, and participate in constructive class discussions. The instructors have adopted the use of daily quiz to achieve this and empirical evidence supports the strategy. The abstract of the document has effectively summarized the document. It has noted the mostly affected students, the desired goals and the strategy adopted. In addition, it has included empirical evidence that supports the strategy that is used. Main Critique The authors note that it is a challenging and frustrating task to teach an introductory accounting program. However, it is also rewarding and satisfying to introduce the subject to students and give them knowledge that they can use in business. Nevertheless, the challenges are so great. The paper has clearly stated the sources of challenges to teaching introductory accounting lessons. The lessons are required in business majors in many institutions. This results in high population of non accounting students in the classes. This creates various problems. First, non accounting majors are likely not to be serious in the classes. Secondly, most of them are freshmen and may not have the requisite skills for studying. Additional cha llenge is the requirement that instructors teach other courses like critical thinking to better equip students. The authors thus managed to bring out clearly all the challenges in teaching introductory accounting courses and have given detailed explanation. The paper has also noted the results brought by these challenges and they are high levels of failure and high levels of withdrawal. It provides information and research findings to support these. An example is a study in United States comprising four-year colleges that found the average rate of withdrawal in two introductory accounting lessons to be 19.76% and rate of failure was 15.27%. Grades â€Å"D†, â€Å"F† and â€Å"W† comprised 40.8% of the grades the students had.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, the authors have included the shift in paradigms from â€Å"provision of instructions† to â€Å"production of learning† by various institutions as it complicates the problem. This ensures that there are no gaps. Under production of learning paradigm, members of a faculty design learning strategies, setting and experiences and seek to inspire students to be able to find knowledge themselves instead of instructors delivering the knowledge. The authors have clearly given the strategy adopted to achieve the goals desired. Daily quiz in lessons can inspire students to be prepared for class, be punctual and be involved in the classes. They have used literature from other studies to support their claim. It can induce students to complete homework and seek personalized assistance from the instructor (Nevid 150). Quizzes can be structured in a way that they are algorithmic variations to the home work given (Nevid 150). Since the topics had been done in class, the quizzes play a major role in determining the finishing grades of the students (Nevid 150). The degree to whi ch instructors use daily quiz in accounting classes in unclear. The authors, however, found that many standard accounting programs do not use them from the website of American Accounting Association’s Common. It provides evidence to support the use of quiz in shaping students’ perceptions, their effect on failure rates, on the instructor and on evaluations. In general, the introduction of the paper has touched on all the main issues about the paper. It has given a thorough description of the problem, objective and literature in the issue. However, it is too lengthy and does not give summary of data collection methods. The authors note that many students in all disciplines do not devote much time for studies in recent times than a century ago. First year students are the most affected. They describe this using a study that found that approximately 33 percent only do read before going to class (Kleinman 368). Many say that demanding schedules make then not prepare for cl ass. The non accounting majors are not interested in accounts and take the lessons simply because it is a requirement. This leaves instructors with students who do not want to be involved in class activities. This leads to poor academic performance (Hoyt and KimMarie 345). Daily quiz can be introduced to tackle the problem since it makes students to revise before class. Students in first year like absenteeism and yet there is proof that performance and turnout are strongly associated. The authors provide evidence for these claims (Keller 314) and (Grewe 146). Daily quiz will give students a reason to come to class. The quiz should be administered at the beginning of the lesson.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Using a ‘‘Daily Motivational Quiz’’ to Increase Student Preparation, Attendance, and Participation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This gives students an incentive to come early e nough for the class. The authors propose that non-lecture strategies like discussions to be used in teaching accounting lessons. The reason is that various learning methods are shown by accounting students (Garf 86). Thus attendance and preparation should be complemented with participation to improve grades. The authors clearly gave description of how they carried out their research and the method they used to obtain data so as to build an effective strategy. They also noted the necessary modifications and the results of the study. The questions focused on motivator’s task and were simple for students if they revised and uncomplicated to grade. Terminology and concepts were the focus and time was put into consideration. The grading is done quickly and feedback given promptly to ensure compliance and revelation of areas requiring clarifications. They described control measures that ensure success in developing strategy. The authors used different methods to obtain data. They u sed open ended questions, multiple choice questions, and rating. They also obtained more information through students’ feedback regarding daily quiz. Analysis of responses was by using open-codes (Del and Tonia 41). A table is included showing results obtained by the researchers. They included 66 students in the study and this is a good sample size to muse. Most of them liked the use of daily quiz. They have clearly shown the variation in responses including the number who liked the quizzes, the number who thought the questions were tough or easy and how they felt the quizzes impacted on their attendance, performance and participation. Additionally, the authors noted how they results are consistent with previous studies. They concluded that results indicated quiz can enable students to adjust to course requirements and fully understand the courses. The percentage of students who felt quizzes made them prepare for class was 85, 74 felt they made them be punctual while 71 felt it made them be involved in class activities. They also described how the data explained relationship between failure and withdrawal and the quizzes. The results showed that rates of failure were low in semesters when the strategy was used. Summary of Research Approaches The research approaches method learnt are qualitative, quantitative, logical theoretical and participatory methods. Logical theoretical is used when inferences are made from rational set of first assumptions. On the other hand, participatory theoretical is used when the researcher gets involved in the activities of the people he studies. Qualitative research is based on data that is obtained through observation or qualitative in nature.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Quantitative research mainly concerns gathering of data and then converting it to enable calculations (McNabb 302). The authors used quantitative method in the study since obtaining data was simple. This was done through giving of questionnaires and open ended questions. Analysis using this method also brings more dependable results. The data collected was quantitative by nature. This is a critical provision when considered comprehensively in the context of research. It is crucial to consider various aspects of research critique in order to validate any research paper. Conclusions The paper has provided theoretical evidence to all the claims made. All claims made are accurate and consistent with the findings of the study. The data collected and methods used effectively supported the goal of the study. The feedback too showed the effectiveness of using quiz in introductory accounting lessons. It also managed to move from description of the problem to actual gathering and analysis of data. There is also a logical sequence in the structure of the whole paper. The authors first of all states goals of the study, the challenges and the strategy to be used to achieve the objectives. This paper has also focused on the information provided on the document. Differences in Marks Obtained by Students Taught by Different Tutors There is difference in the marks that are obtained by students of the different tutors. The mean mark obtained by students taught by tutor 1 is 45.125 marks and they are 16 students. The modal mark obtained in the class is 57 marks while the median is 52 marks. Based on these figures, the class performs averagely. This could be due to the small number of students in the class. The standard deviation in the marks obtained in this class is 15.2441. They managed to score 15.8438% of the total marks in the five classes. The mean mark obtained by students taught by tutor 2 is 54.312 and they are also 16 students. It can be said that they have passed than those taught by tutor 1. Their modal mark was 35 and the median mark is 56.5. The standard deviation in the marks scored in this class is 19.3622. This class managed to score 19.0696% of the total marks scored by all the 90 students. For students taught by tutor 3, their mean mark is 47.2 marks and they are 30 students in the class. The mode is 40 marks and the medial mark is 45 marks. The reason for poor score in this class could be because of the high number of students. There is likelihood that tutor 3 is unable to give personalized attention to the students. Due to the high number, there is also likelihood that some students could not be attending all the classes and the tutor cannot notice. The standard deviation in the marks scored in the class is 12.7802. They scored 31.0731% of the total marks of all the 90 students. This is because they are many in the class than students in the other classes. The mean mark for those taught by tutor 4 is 69 and they are 13 in class. Their mode is 61 and the median is also 61 marks. The likely reason for high performance in this class is that the students could be engaging the teacher in the class room. They could be holding discussions and have formed discussion groups. Another reason could be that due to the small number of students in the class, tutor 4 is capable of handling the students easily. He is able to give personalized attention to each student and this has a positive impact on the performance of the students. Various studies have often shown that small student to teacher ratios have positive impact on the performance of the students. The other reason for good performance in the class can be that tutor 4 is highly competent. They scored 19.6840% of all the total marks obtained by all the students. Finally, the mean mark for those taught by tutor 5 is 43.53 and they are 15 in the class. The mode for this class is 40 marks and the median mark is 43. They managed to score 14.3296% of all the marks scored by a ll the students. The table below shows the percentage scores of all the students taught by the five tutors. The students taught by tutor 3 scored the highest percentage of 31.07% in all the marks of the 90 students. This can be explained by their small number. Students of tutor 5 scored the lowest percentage marks among all the students. Students taught by tutor 4 had a mean score of 69 marks, the mode is 61 and the median is also 61 marks. The lowest score in the class is 53 compared to others for example the least score in class taught by tutor 1 is 13 while that taught by tutor 2 is 14. The least score in class taught by tutor 3 and 5 are 21 and 25 respectively. They are thus the class that has performed better compared to the other classes. Their total percentage score is however low since they are few in the class. However, there are other factors that have to be considered in order to make dependable conclusions. Effects of Course Taken and Results Obtained The courses that t he students take has influence in the marks that they obtain. The mean score of the student who take course 1 is 54.9524 marks while that of students who take course 2 is 46.8542 marks. Additionally, the modal mark in the class taking course 1 is 58 marks while that taking course 2 is 40 marks. The median mark in the class taking course 1 is 55 marks while that of the class taking course 2 is 43.5 marks. All these show that students taking course one obtain higher grades than those who take course 2. The standard deviation for those taking course 1 is 14.9910 marks while those taking course 2 is 16.2638 marks. The percentage score for all the students taking course 1 is 50.64736 marks while the percentage score for all the students taking course 2 is 49.35264. The chart and table below shows the percentage scores for the two courses by all the students. course Percentage score Course 1 50.647356 Course 2 49.352644 There are reasons that can explain the difference in perfo rmance between the two classes. One reason could be that course 1 is not more involving than course 2. Another reason could be that the study and teaching methods used in the two classes are different. The method used in teaching course 1 could be more effective and then the method used in teaching course 2. Students, Previous Entry Qualifications and the Marks that they achieve The entry qualifications of the students have an impact on the marks obtained in the modules. To know the influence of previous entry qualifications, I checked the means of all the students whose qualifications were 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The mean score of students whose entry qualifications were ranked as 1 is 42.26667 and the students were 15 in number. Their modal score is 60 and the median is 38. Only 7 of these students passed the 50 mark point with the rest performing dismally. The mean score for the students whose entry qualifications were ranked as 2 on the other hand is 45.3333 which are higher than the mean of those whose entry qualifications were ranked as 1. The median is 45.5 marks and this is higher showing a better performance that those whose entry qualifications was 1. For those whose entry qualifications was ranked as 3, their mean score for the module is 48.42 and this also shows a better performance than the two above. The mode for this group is 40 while the median is 48 marks. The increase in the median mark also shows an increased performance among this group of students. The mean score for the students whose entry qualifications to the module was ranked as 4 had a mean score of 51.7778 in the module and this further shows that the entry qualifications in the module made difference in the marks obtained. Finally, the students whose entry qualifications to the module were ranked as 5 showed the best performance in the module. Their mean score in the module is 63.3158 marks. This is the highest among all the groups. Their modal mark is 70 marks and the median mark for th e group is 69 marks. This further supports the conclusion that the pervious entry qualifications of the students make a difference in their performance in the module. The chart below shows variations in the means of the performance of the various groups of students. It clearly shows that students whose entry qualifications were low perform poorly compare to those whose entry qualifications are high. The reason for this could be that students who had higher entry qualifications are highly intelligent and thus high performers. They could also have been better trained in reading and studying methods and thus are able to pass exams easily. Works Cited Del, Rosso and Tonia Marek. Class Action: Improving School Performance in the Developing World Through Better Health and Nutrition. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1996. Print Garf, David. Teaching Can Be Fun. Coral Springs, FL: Llumina Press, 2003. Print Grewe, Norbert. Absenteeism in European Schools. Münster: LIT, 2005. Print Hoyt, Gai l and KimMarie McGoldrick. International Handbook on Teaching and Learning Economics. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2012. Print Keller, John. Motivational Design for Learning and Performance: The Arcs Model Approach. New York, NY: Springer, 2009. Print Kleinman, Isobel. Complete Physical Education Plans for Grades 5 to 12. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2009. Print McNabb, David. Research Methods in Public Administration and Nonprofit Management: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc, 2008. Print Nevid, Jeffrey. Psychology: Concepts and Applications. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co, 2007. Print This essay on Using a ‘‘Daily Motivational Quiz’’ to Increase Student Preparation, Attendance, and Participation was written and submitted by user Marcus D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Advertisement-Response Essay

Are You Tuff/Tough? He stands near the brightly colored wall with her in his arms, as he watches another pass by. His mouth opens and eyes widen. The girl in his arms, wearing sparkly, star blue jeans, cocks one shoulder back and looks to see what he seems to be so interested in. Her mouth opens and anger rages through her beaming, brown eyes. The girl walking by, face unrevealed with long blonde hair, strides by him in her figure-fitting OTB jeans. The advertisement is a sidewalk scene with graffiti on the outside wall of a building. The first page of the background is brightly colored with OTB logos everywhere. OTB is the brand name for denim and jeanswear. The second bottom of the advertisement page reads,  ¡Ã‚ §One Tough Brand ƒÈ, and One Tuff Babe Æ’Â ³Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¨ and is branded on the back pocket of denim jeans with the reflection of the smoky branding iron leaving its target. This advertisement uses stereotypes of men and women as its way of selling its product, OTB jeans. In the advertisement, the guy, wearing both an OTB shirt and jeans embracing a girl in his arms, denotes the girl ¡Ã‚ ¦s attractiveness as he watches another girl pass by. This, showing the guy has, obviously, no shame in doing so and the girl walking by has no shame in looking back. The caption  ¡Ã‚ §One Tough Brand ƒÈ ¡Ã‚ ¨ strikes a man ¡Ã‚ ¦s pride and ego in seeing and possibly believing his jeans can make him more attractive, whereas the caption  ¡Ã‚ §One Tuff Babe Æ’Â ³Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¨ gives a girl a sense of attraction in being noticed and looked upon. Both of the captions push one common use of advertisement: the male to female and female to male attraction. While observing the expression on the girl ¡Ã‚ ¦s face, there are many possibilities of thoughts that may be running through her head. One of which being that perhaps she would get the same response from guys if she wore OTB jeans, or maybe that she could win her guy ¡Ã‚ ¦s attention back by going out and buying... Free Essays on Advertisement-Response Essay Free Essays on Advertisement-Response Essay Are You Tuff/Tough? He stands near the brightly colored wall with her in his arms, as he watches another pass by. His mouth opens and eyes widen. The girl in his arms, wearing sparkly, star blue jeans, cocks one shoulder back and looks to see what he seems to be so interested in. Her mouth opens and anger rages through her beaming, brown eyes. The girl walking by, face unrevealed with long blonde hair, strides by him in her figure-fitting OTB jeans. The advertisement is a sidewalk scene with graffiti on the outside wall of a building. The first page of the background is brightly colored with OTB logos everywhere. OTB is the brand name for denim and jeanswear. The second bottom of the advertisement page reads,  ¡Ã‚ §One Tough Brand ƒÈ, and One Tuff Babe Æ’Â ³Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¨ and is branded on the back pocket of denim jeans with the reflection of the smoky branding iron leaving its target. This advertisement uses stereotypes of men and women as its way of selling its product, OTB jeans. In the advertisement, the guy, wearing both an OTB shirt and jeans embracing a girl in his arms, denotes the girl ¡Ã‚ ¦s attractiveness as he watches another girl pass by. This, showing the guy has, obviously, no shame in doing so and the girl walking by has no shame in looking back. The caption  ¡Ã‚ §One Tough Brand ƒÈ ¡Ã‚ ¨ strikes a man ¡Ã‚ ¦s pride and ego in seeing and possibly believing his jeans can make him more attractive, whereas the caption  ¡Ã‚ §One Tuff Babe Æ’Â ³Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¨ gives a girl a sense of attraction in being noticed and looked upon. Both of the captions push one common use of advertisement: the male to female and female to male attraction. While observing the expression on the girl ¡Ã‚ ¦s face, there are many possibilities of thoughts that may be running through her head. One of which being that perhaps she would get the same response from guys if she wore OTB jeans, or maybe that she could win her guy ¡Ã‚ ¦s attention back by going out and buying...

Will Rogers essays

Will Rogers essays Will Rogers shaped provided many people with laughter throughout the early 1900's abroad and here in the United States through his many careers he chose. Will Rogers was born on November 4, 1879 in a home his father had built near the Verdigris River bottom lands in the Cooweescoowee District of Indian Territory. His parents were Mary and Clem Rodgers. They named there first son William Penn Adair Rodgers after a distinguished Cherokee, William Penn Adair, who served as his peoples delegate in Washington. Wills father had also served with him during the Civil War. When it was time for Will to go to school he was sent to stay with his sister Sallie. Their home was across the river from the Rogers ranch and near Drumgoul, which was soon to be young Wills first school. It was a little one-room log cabin, all Indian school, jsut four miles east of Chelsea. It was often difficult for Clem to be patient with Will. For he was a stubborn little boy. The activities Will enjoyed the most during his childhood were the rides with his father and the days where he spent every idle moment attempting to improve his roping skills. He had quite a few lariats taken away at school. Will did poorly in school most of the time, mainly because of his lack of interest. All he cared about was roping so that was all he cared to do. His father was constantly sending him to one school or another because he was constantly unsatisfied with Wills progress. One time Will even attended a girls school, because the president also had a boy Wills age. When Wills mother, Mary Rodgers, died of typhoid fever when he was ten it left a lonely, lost feeling That persisted long after he was successful and famous. When Will returned abruptly from one of his schools, Scarritt College, this gave his father an occasion for serious thought. He hoped that the strict discipline ...

'Please answer me as soon as possible - Pragmatic failure in Essay

'Please answer me as soon as possible - Pragmatic failure in non-native speakers' email request to faculty' - Critical analysis - Essay Example nomidou-Kogetsidis states that such aspects of e-mail message as directness, the lack of greetings, and improper usage of titles and names are all aspects of an e-mail which convey to the recipient the perception of impoliteness. Imperatives are especially tricky in this regard, as the recipients invariably see imperatives, without modifiers, to be rude, even when accompanied with the word â€Å"please.† The way to modify imperatives, however, are to acknowledge the burden on the professors’ time. Such an example of this would be to say, instead of, â€Å"please give me the notes for the class I missed,† to say â€Å"if it is not a bother, and not too time-consuming, could you please send me the notes for the class that I missed.† Moreover, students used grounders most often as a way of modifying the message, and grounders are reasons why a student has to make the request (â€Å"I need notes for Thursday, as I had to take my sick grandmother to the hospit al that day†). Although Economidou-Kogetsidis states that there are alternative explanations for the students’ overall directness in composing the e-mails and lack of greetings, including the fact that Greek is different from English, that is most likely a function of young people to be direct and brief, and that the students are using avoidance strategies, Economidou-Kogetsidis states that the students should still learn the proper modes of e-mail communication to avoid pragmatic failure in the future. This piece of research fits into the larger research context in that it deals with pragmatics, and the field of pragmatics is the rubric under which this research falls. In particular, the study of pragmatics is the study of how a linguistic content of a statement and the context of its enunciation affect reasoners inferences and interpretation of what is said (Oaksford & Chater, 2010, p.. 233). A person may make pragmatic inferences based on lexical inferences, and lexical inferences are â€Å"the process by

Harvard Business Review Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Harvard Business Review - Coursework Example The study found that 85 percent of the executives did not actively involve themselves with an innovation as they only played a facilitation role. Only 15 percent of the executives did the creative work themselves. The executives who did not delegate the creative work applied five skills that resulted in brilliant and industry changing ideas. The five skills that the study identified are discussed below in detail. The associating skill is an ability that allows the innovative leaders or executives to make a connection between ideas, questions, or problems, which are unrelated. These innovators connect dots of seemingly unrelated occurrences to generate new and creative ideas that can be recombined in new ways. The second discovery skill is questioning. Creative and innovative entrepreneurs challenge the standard method of undertaking processes and wisdom. They ask provocative questions that challenge common ideals and assumptions to understand them and see if better ways can be concocted. Under questioning, the innovative entrepreneurs use different techniques such as embracing constraints, imagining opposites and asked why, what if and why not questions. The observation skill is the third discovery skill that the study by (Jeffrey, Hal & Clayton, 2009) found to be common with the innovative entrepreneurs was observation. The some of the creative executives came up with business ideas, which were conceived through observation. Some of the most useful observations were those made of the potential customers. The innovators were keen on behavioral details that would give insights to a new approach to various things. By experimenting, innovative executives and entrepreneurs were able to test and fine-tune their ideas in order to understand and find new ways of doing a certain task or a certain approach. Not only is experimentation a means of coming up with new ways of

Learning Team Internal and External Factors Paper Essay Example for Free

Learning Team Internal and External Factors Paper Essay Amongst today’s societies The McDonalds Corporations is considered one of many; that has successfully in so many ways used a combination of various marketing strategies and skills to become a globally known successful origination. McDonalds a global business in most countries around the world can also face a lot of challenges and issues. The McDonalds Corporations has learned and brought about changes according to the needs of its consumers per hour and should always remain flexible to changes within the environment that deals with current customer trends, government and or legal restrictions, and the development of technology. The McDonalds Corporations technology structural and also its financial assets of the company are perfect marketing positions. McDonalds without a doubt is completely abundant with many aspects in structure, finance and of course technology. To help, identify and implement majority of these assets within the proper directions towards the improvement of the corporations would be all that is needed. The McDonalds Corporations overall is producing their main product, creating items within their own kitchen, and cooking on their own grills. This means the use of equipment, certain control devices, the regulation of temperature, the business point-of sales system, inventory process, financial and communication information are all linked into different technology that impacts the corporation. Now with public awareness of technology and cultures more people are starting to become a little more health conscious, and have access to finding out about certain quality ingredients, and knowing the lack of minerals that may have an overall negative impact on what all fast foods have done to those who consume them. Along with maximizing knowledge on internal and external factors this will have a large impact on the four major function of management within a corporation. The McDonalds Corporations has goals that are reflected in its mission statement to become for some customers a favorite place to eat. There are several internal and external factor’s McDonald’s faces in the decision they made to go Global. External f actors  for the decision to go Global include the following. 1.)The growing heath trends of consumers 2.)The ability to expand into new markets such as India and China 3.)The diversification and purchase of other fast food restaurants 4.)The global growth of the fast food industry 5.)Worldwide deregulation (Salem, Abdullah, 2009) These external factors impacted the four functions of management for McDonald’s managers, by forcing management to adjust the planning function and information to include a mission that was based on a global demand and competition. The organizing function of management with in McDonalds was also affected by the decision to go global. Management now has to organize information, people, and financial resources crossed countries and cultures to achieve one common goal. The function a leading for a management changed also. Now, styles and type of leading and motiving had to be localized and customized around the culture rather than one specialized way of doing things. Controlling or measuring achievements in with in the global industry also changed as franchisees are now faced with measuring success based on others in different markets. Internal factors also played a part in McDonald’s decision to go global and those factors have also affected the four functions of manageme nt for their managers. Some internal factors include: 1.)The desire for a strong brand name, image, and reputation 2.)A large market share 3.)The desire for a global presence 4.)A stronger financial performance and position 5.)Introduction of new products 6.)Customer focus (Salem, Abdullah, 2009) These internal factors also had an effect on the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling functions of management within McDonald’s. Competing in a Global market makes managers think, act, gather and process information on a larger scale to achieve a goal. Diversity The evolution of McDonald’s Corporation toward diversity as a business objective began in the late 1970’s, when the corporation officially  established an Affirmative Action Department, which today is known as the Diversity Initiative Department (Anonymous, 2005). Numerous factors can affect the four major functions of management; this section will focus on how diversity can affect planning, organizing, leading and controlling within the McDonalds Corporation. Diversity in the workplace is more than a person’s race or ethnic background it also includes personality, gender, education, position in the organization, etc. The major obstacle for McDonald’s management continues to be age, gender, ethnic background and education. Diversity management involves a three-stage process: (Tetteh, 2014) †¢Identification Stage †¢Implementation Stage †¢Maintenance Stage McDonald’s management must identify where the diversity mixture is and decided on the appropriate action to ensure workplace harmony and productivity. This will be accomplished through proper training and communication with all employees. Learning to effectively communicate with the various groups within each location will be very important to the success of the team within each restaurant. Implementing effective processes that ensure each diverse group is accommodated is crucial to the process. McDonalds as a corporation does a great job helping and engaging their management and employee’s to ensure proper implementation by offering education and career development seminars, various gender based seminars, second language courses etc. Maintain and improving these processes will ensure that McDonald’s stays current and relevant to the groups each manager has identified within their department. McDonald’s continually re-evaluates its initiatives to ensure they are in line with their business and current employee base. McDonalds ensures diversity is properly managed within their organization by including diversity in the business planning process. This allows the company and its managers to treat diversity as an initiative rather than a program; it’s naturally incorporated into the business plan (Anonymous, 2005). Ethics When it comes the Functions of Management, you must condsider which parts may be corrupted by ethical issues. Two areas that maybe prone to be affected  are the Leading and Organizing Funtions. In building a dynamic organization you must find a diverse group of people, with different ethical baskgrouds, to fill the different postions in it. You would also want to get them up to speed with you organizations ethical views. If you take a company like McDonald’s you can find out what they do to ensure this. Now McDonalds is committed to conducting business ethically and in compliance with the letter and spirit of the law. This commitment is reflected in McDonalds Values. Inherent in each value is our commitment to be ethical, truthful and dependable and this is reflected through their Standards of Business Conduct, which serves as a guide to making good decisions and conducting business ethically. Each year McDonalds employees are required to re-certify that they have read and will abide by the standards that McDonalds has set through the Standards of Business Conduct. Employees complete regular training on the Standards, anti-bribery laws, and various other laws, regulations and company-specific policies. McDonalds and its employees in all countries must comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (McDonalds: Standards Of Business Conduct For Employees, n.d.). References Salem, F., Abdullah, M., (2009) McDonalds case study. http://www.scribd.com/doc/16050821/McDonalds-Case-Study McDonalds: Standards of Business Conduct for Employees. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/investors/corporate_governance/codes_of_conduct/standards_of_business_conduct.html Bateman, T. S., Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading collaborating in a competitive world (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Anonymous, . (2005, November). Diversity at McDonalds: A way of life. Nations Restaurant News, 1(), 92, 94-95 Tetteh, Vanessa A. (2014, January 1). Diversity in the Workplace. Research Starters, p. 1.

Federal Govt. Vs. States :: essays research papers

Federal Sovereignty vs. Rights of the States Continued†¦. Federal Sovereignty versus States Rights was not a new problem to the United States. First appearing during the writing of the Constitution and continuing through Hamilton’s Bank and the Federalist Papers, this debate raged right into the 19th century, beginning with the Hartford Convention, where delegates proposed that a state had the right to â€Å"interpose authority† in a case of â€Å"dangerous and palpable infractions.† However, this was only the first in a series of arguments that would in the end, result in civil war. The next major step was the handling of cases for businesses. During the 1810’s and 20’s Chief Justice John Marshall passed made several rulings reducing state power. In Sturges v. Crownshield, he decided that a state could pass bankruptcy laws but could not be applied to debts incurred before the ratification of the law. During Dartmouth College v. Woodward, he ru led that a state (or any party) could not cancel a contract without the consent of the other side. He struck again, in 1815, this time at the New York ferry monopoly by saying that the state could not regulate commerce on borders. Finally, in 1819, he stated that the bank was constitutional and that the federal law was supreme over the states, who had no right to tax it. In doing this, he sharply defined the rights of the states as subordinate to those of the nation’s. However, Marshall’s rulings did not last long. During the term of Andrew Jackson, the Bank was destroyed by the president. Staring with vetoing the renewal of the Bank’s charter, he set out to eliminate what he though was a corrupt monopoly. By demolishing the Bank, he allowed smaller state banks to assume more power. Finally, during the early 1830’s, nullification came into question. In this situation, South Carolina had declared a government law, (tariff bill) void because a convention fo und it to be unconstitutional. While John Calhoun argued that the Constitution was based on false assumptions and that a minority of the nation could reassume its independence. However, Jackson saw the truth. He knew that if a state could ignore the laws then the Union would cease to exist. Because of Jackson’s strong will and the Force Bill (allowing more federal power with the president’s authority to execute revenue laws), South Carolina backed out and the Union was saved†¦. Federal Govt. Vs. States :: essays research papers Federal Sovereignty vs. Rights of the States Continued†¦. Federal Sovereignty versus States Rights was not a new problem to the United States. First appearing during the writing of the Constitution and continuing through Hamilton’s Bank and the Federalist Papers, this debate raged right into the 19th century, beginning with the Hartford Convention, where delegates proposed that a state had the right to â€Å"interpose authority† in a case of â€Å"dangerous and palpable infractions.† However, this was only the first in a series of arguments that would in the end, result in civil war. The next major step was the handling of cases for businesses. During the 1810’s and 20’s Chief Justice John Marshall passed made several rulings reducing state power. In Sturges v. Crownshield, he decided that a state could pass bankruptcy laws but could not be applied to debts incurred before the ratification of the law. During Dartmouth College v. Woodward, he ru led that a state (or any party) could not cancel a contract without the consent of the other side. He struck again, in 1815, this time at the New York ferry monopoly by saying that the state could not regulate commerce on borders. Finally, in 1819, he stated that the bank was constitutional and that the federal law was supreme over the states, who had no right to tax it. In doing this, he sharply defined the rights of the states as subordinate to those of the nation’s. However, Marshall’s rulings did not last long. During the term of Andrew Jackson, the Bank was destroyed by the president. Staring with vetoing the renewal of the Bank’s charter, he set out to eliminate what he though was a corrupt monopoly. By demolishing the Bank, he allowed smaller state banks to assume more power. Finally, during the early 1830’s, nullification came into question. In this situation, South Carolina had declared a government law, (tariff bill) void because a convention fo und it to be unconstitutional. While John Calhoun argued that the Constitution was based on false assumptions and that a minority of the nation could reassume its independence. However, Jackson saw the truth. He knew that if a state could ignore the laws then the Union would cease to exist. Because of Jackson’s strong will and the Force Bill (allowing more federal power with the president’s authority to execute revenue laws), South Carolina backed out and the Union was saved†¦.

Advantages of a Web-Based System

Efficiency is Everything One of the essential characteristics of the Internet Age is speed.   As a matter of fact, companies – whether large or small – cannot gain a competitive edge in our times without the use of the World Wide Web in their day to day activities.   The Internet speeds up communication, thereby allowing collection agencies to pursue debt payments faster than before.   Moreover, the collection of debts can be speeded up by the employment of a web-based system at Cougar Collection Agency. Another important advantage of a web-based system is that it would allow you to view the accounts even as you travel.   Clients would be given real time access to information through their own web browsers.   Furthermore, Cougar Collection Agency may employ data entry clerks and collectors to work from their homes – thereby cutting costs (â€Å"Web Access,† 2007). State-of-the-art web-based systems are available at reasonable costs Collect!’s Web Host is only one of many companies willing to help Cougar Collection Agency in collecting payments more efficiently than before.   The company creates web-based systems for collection agencies at reasonable costs.   These systems are â€Å"fully integrated and easy to set up;† â€Å"highly customizable;† as well as secure (â€Å"Web Access†). Conclusion Indeed, Cougar Collection Agency would be able to reduce costs while increasing efficiency by the employment of a web-based system. References Web Access. (2007). Collect! Retrieved Nov 7, 2007, from http://www.collect.org/webaccess.html.   

The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening Chapter One

â€Å"Are you having a good time?† Elena asked. I am now . Stefan didn't say it, but Elena knew it was what he was thinking. She could see it in the way he stared at her. She had never been so sure of her power. Except that actually he didn't look as if he were having a good time; he looked stricken, in pain, as if he couldn't take one more minute of this. The band was starting up, a slow dance. He was still staring at her, drinking her in. Those green eyes darkening, going black with desire. She had the sudden feeling that he might jerk her to him and kiss her hard, without ever saying a word. â€Å"Would you like to dance?† she said softly. I'm playing with fire, with something I don't understand, she thought suddenly. And in that instant she realized that she was frightened. Her heart began to pound violently. It was as if those green eyes spoke to some part of her that was buried deep beneath the surface-and that part was screaming â€Å"danger† at her. Some instinct older than civilization was telling her to run, to flee. She didn't move. The Awakening Chapter One September 4 Dear Diary, Something awful is going to happen today. I don't know why I wrote that. It's crazy. There'sno reason for me to be upset and every reason for me to be happy, but†¦ But here I am at 5:30 in the morning, awake and scared. I keep telling myself it's just that I'm all messed up from the time difference between France and here. But that doesn't explain why I feel so scared. So lost. The day before yesterday, while Aunt Judith and Margaret and I were driving back from the airport, I had such a strange feeling. When we turned onto our street I suddenly thought, â€Å"Mom and Dad are waiting for us at home. I bet they'll be on the front porch or in the living room looking out the window. They must have missed me so much.† I know. That sounds totally crazy. But even when I saw the house and the empty front porch I still felt that way. I ran up the steps and I tried the door and knocked with the knocker. And when Aunt Judith unlocked the door I burst inside and just stood in the hallway listening, expecting to hear Mom coming down the stairs or Dad calling from the den. Just then Aunt Judith let a suitcase crash down on the floor behind me and sighed a huge sigh and said, â€Å"We're home.† And Margaret laughed. And the most horrible feeling I've ever felt in my life came over me. I've never felt so utterly and completely lost. Home. I'm home. Why does that sound like a he? I was born here in Fell's Church. I've always lived in this house, always. This is my same old bedroom, with the scorch mark on the floorboards where Caroline and I tried to sneak cigarettes in 5th grade and nearly choked ourselves. I can look out the window and see the big quince tree Matt and the guys climbed up to crash my birthday slumber party two years ago. This is my bed, my chair, my dresser. But right now everything looks strange to me, as if I don't belong here. It's me that's out of place. And the worst thing is that I feel there's somewhere I do belong, but I just can't find it. I was too tired yesterday to go to Orientation. Meredith picked up my schedule for me, but I didn't feel like talking to her on the phone. Aunt Judith told everyone who called that I had jet lag and was sleeping, but she watched me at dinner with a funny look on her face. I've got to see the crowd today, though. We're supposed to meet in the parking lot before school. Is that why I'm scared? Am I frightened of them? Elena Gilbert stopped writing. She stared at the last line she had written and then shook her head, pen hovering over the small book with the blue velvet cover. Then, with a sudden gesture, she lifted her head and threw pen and book at the big bay window, where they bounced off harmlessly and landed on the upholstered window seat. It was all so completely ridiculous. Since when had she, Elena Gilbert, been scared of meeting people? Since when had she been scared of anything ? She stood up and angrily thrust her arms into a red silk kimono. She didn't even glance at the elaborate Victorian mirror above the cherrywood dresser; she knew what she'd see. Elena Gilbert, cool and blond and slender, the fashion trendsetter, the high school senior, the girl every boy wanted and every girl wanted to be. Who just now had an unaccustomed scowl on her face and a pinch to her mouth. A hot bath and some coffee and I'll calm down, she thought. The morning ritual of washing and dressing was soothing, and she dawdled over it, sorting through her new outfits from Paris. She finally chose a pale rose top and white linen shorts combo that made her look like a raspberry sundae. Good enough to eat, she thought, and the mirror showed a girl with a secret smile. Her earlier fears had melted away, forgotten. â€Å"Elena! Where are you? You're going to be late for school!† The voice drifted faintly up from below. Elena ran the brush one more time through silky hair and pulled it back with a deep rose ribbon. Then she grabbed her backpack and went down the stairs. In the kitchen, four-year-old Margaret was eating cereal at the kitchen table, and Aunt Judith was burning something on the stove. Aunt Judith was the sort of woman who always looked vaguely flustered; she had a thin, mild face and light flyaway hair pushed back untidily. Elena landed a peck on her cheek. â€Å"Good morning, everybody. Sorry I don't have time for breakfast.† â€Å"But, Elena, you can't just go off without eating. You need your protein-† â€Å"I'll get a doughnut before school,† said Elena briskly. She dropped a kiss on Margaret's tow head and turned to go. â€Å"But, Elena-† â€Å"And I'll probably go home with Bonnie or Meredith after school, so don't wait dinner. Bye!† â€Å"Elena-† Elena was already at the front door. She closed it behind her, cutting off Aunt Judith's distant protests, and stepped out onto the front porch. And stopped. All the bad feelings of the morning rushed over her again. The anxiety, the fear. And the certainty that something terrible was about to happen. Maple Street was deserted. The tall Victorian houses looked strange and silent, as if they might all be empty inside, like the houses on an abandoned movie set. They looked as if they were empty ofpeople , but full of strange watching things. That was it; something was watching her. The sky overhead was not blue but milky and opaque, like a giant bowl turned upside down. The air was stifling, and Elena felt sure that there were eyes on her. She caught sight of something dark in the branches of the old quince tree in front of the house. It was a crow, sitting as still as the yellow-tinged leaves around it. And it was the thing watching her. She tried to tell herself that this was ridiculous, but somehow she knew . It was the biggest crow she had ever seen, plump and sleek, with rainbows shining in its black feathers. She could see every detail of it clearly: the greedy dark claws, the sharp beak, the single glittering black eye. It was so motionless that it might have been a wax model of a bird sitting there. But as she stared at it, Elena felt herself flush slowly, heat coming in waves up her throat and cheeks. Because it was†¦ looking at her. Looking the way boys looked at her when she wore a bathing suit or a sheer blouse. As if it were undressing her with its eyes. Before she realized what she was doing, she had dropped her backpack and picked up a stone from beside the driveway. â€Å"Get out of here,† she said, and heard the shaking anger in her own voice. â€Å"Go on! Getaway !† With the last word, she threw the stone. There was an explosion of leaves, but the crow soared up unharmed. Its wings were huge, and they made enough racket for a whole flock of crows. Elena crouched, suddenly panicked as it flapped directly over her head, the wind of its wings ruffling her blond hair. But it swooped up again and circled, a black silhouette against the paper-white sky. Then, with one harsh croak, it wheeled away toward the woods. Elena straightened up slowly, then glanced around, self-conscious. She couldn't believe what she had just done. But now that the bird was gone, the sky felt ordinary again. A little wind made the leaves flutter, and Elena took a deep breath. Down the street a door opened and several children poured out, laughing. She smiled at them, and took another breath, relief sweeping through her like sunlight. How could she have been so silly? This was a beautiful day, full of promise, and nothing bad was going to happen. Nothing bad was going to happen-except that she was going to be late getting to school. The whole crowd would be waiting for her in the parking lot. You could always tell everyone you stopped to throw stones at a Peeping Tom, she thought, and almost giggled. Now,that would give them something to think about. Without a backward glance at the quince tree, she began to walk as quickly as she could down the street. The crow crashed through the top of the massive oak, and Stefan's head jerked up reflexively. When he saw it was only a bird, he relaxed. His eyes dropped to the limp white form in his hands, and he felt his face twist in regret. He hadn't meant to kill it. He would have hunted something larger than a rabbit if he'd known how hungry he was. But, of course, that was the very thing that frightened him: never knowing how strong the hunger would be, or what he might have to do to satisfy it. He was lucky that this time he'd killed only a rabbit. He stood beneath the ancient oak trees, sunlight filtering down onto his curly hair. In jeans and T-shirt, Stefan Salvatore looked exactly like a normal high school student. He wasn't. Deep in the woods, where no one would see him, he'd come to feed. Now he licked at his gums and lips painstakingly, to make sure there was no stain on them. He didn't want to take any chances. This masquerade was going to be hard enough to pull off as it was. For a moment he wondered, again, if he should just give it all up. Perhaps he should go back to Italy, back to his hiding place. What made him think that he could rejoin the world of daylight? But he was tired of living in shadows. He was tired of the darkness, and of the things that lived in it. Most of all, he was tired of being alone. He wasn't sure why he'd chosen Fell's Church, Virginia. It was a young town, by his standards; the oldest buildings had been put up only a century and a half ago. But memories and ghosts of the Civil War still lived here, as real as the supermarkets and fast-food joints. Stefan appreciated respect for the past. He thought he might come to like the people of Fell's Church. And perhaps-just perhaps-he might find a place among them. He'd never be accepted completely, of course. A bitter smile curved his lips at the idea. He knew better than to hope forthat . There would never be a place where he could belong completely, where he could truly be himself. Unless he chose to belong to the shadows†¦ He slapped the thought away. He'd renounced the darkness; he'd left the shadows behind him. He was blotting all those long years out and starting afresh, today. Stefan realized he was still holding the rabbit. Gently, he laid it down on the bed of brown oak leaves. Far away, too far for human ears to pick up, he recognized the noises of a fox. Come along, brother hunter, he thought sadly. Your breakfast is waiting. As he slung his jacket over his shoulder, he noticed the crow that had disturbed him earlier. It was still perched in the oak tree, and it seemed to be watching him. There was a wrongness about it. He started to send a probing thought toward it, to examine the bird, and stopped himself. Remember your promise, he thought. You don't use the Powers unless it is absolutely necessary. Not unless there is no other choice. Moving almost silently among the dead leaves and dry twigs, he made his way toward the edge of the woods. His car was parked there. He glanced back, once, and saw that the crow had left the branches and dropped down on the rabbit. There was something sinister in the way it spread its wings over the limp white body, something sinister and triumphant. Stefan's throat tightened, and he almost strode back to chase the bird away. Still, it had as much right to eat as the fox did, he told himself. As much right as he did. If he encountered the bird again, he'd look into its mind, he decided. Just now, he tore his eyes from the sight of it and hurried on through the woods, jaw set. He didn't want to be late arriving at Robert E. Lee High School.

The Peloponnesian War - Causes of the Conflict

The Peloponnesian War - Causes of the Conflict Many excellent historians have discussed the causes of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE), and many more will do so in the future. Thucydides, however, wrote the most important contemporary chronicle of the war. Importance of the Peloponnesian War Fought between the allies of Sparta and the empire of Athens, the crippling Peloponnesian War paved the way for the Macedonian takeover of Greece by Philip II of Macedon and, following that, Alexander the Greats empire. Before the Peloponnesian War, the city-states (poleis) of Greece had worked together to fight off the Persians. During the Peloponnesian War, they turned on each other. Thucydides on the Cause of the Peloponnesian War In the first book of his history, participant-observer and historian Thucydides recorded the causes of the Peloponnesian War: The real cause I consider to be the one which was formally most kept out of sight. The growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon, made war inevitable.I.1.23 History of the Peloponnesian War While Thucydides seemed quite certain that he had settled the question of the cause of the Peloponnesian War for all time, historians continue to debate the origins of the war. The main reasons proposed are: Sparta was jealous of other powers and desired more power for itself.Sparta was unhappy at no longer having all the military glory.Athen bullied its allies and neutral cities.There was a conflict among city-states between competing political ideologies. Historian Donald Kagan has been studying the causes of the Peloponnesian War for decades. His 2003 book provides a detailed breakdown of the politics, alliances, and events that led to the war. Athens and the Delian League Many historical accounts make brief mention of the earlier Persian Wars, which undervalues their importance as a contributing factor to the later war. Because of the Persian Wars, Athens had to be rebuilt and it came to dominate its group of allies politically and economically. The Athenian empire started with the Delian League, which had been formed to allow Athens to take the lead in the  war against Persia, and wound up providing Athens with access to what was supposed to be a communal treasury. Athens used these communal funds to build up its navy and, with it, its importance and power. Spartas Allies Earlier, Sparta had been the military leader of the Greek world. Sparta had a set of loose alliances by means of individual treaties that extended to the Peloponnese, excepting Argos and Achaea. The Spartan alliances are referred to as the Peloponnesian League. Sparta Insults Athens When Athens decided to invade Thasos, Sparta would have come to the aid of the north Aegean island, had Sparta not suffered a natural disaster. Athens, still bound by alliances of the Persian War years, tried to help the Spartans, but was rudely asked to leave. Kagan says that this open quarrel in 465 BCE was the first between Sparta and Athens. Athens broke off the alliance with Sparta and allied, instead, with Spartas enemy, Argos. Athens Gains an Ally and an Enemy When Megara turned to Sparta for help in its boundary dispute with Corinth, Sparta, which was allied with both city-states, declined to come to their aid. Megara broke its alliance with Sparta and proposed a new one with Athens. Athens needed a friendly Megara on its border since it provided gulf access, so it agreed in 459 BCE. Doing so, unfortunately, set up lasting enmity with Corinth. About 15 years later, Megara joined back up again with Sparta. Thirty Years Peace In 446 and 445, Athens, a sea power, and Sparta, a land power, signed a peace treaty. The Greek world was now formally divided in two, with two hegemons. By treaty, members of one side could not switch and join the other, although neutral powers could take sides. Historian Kagan writes that, for possibly the first time in history, an attempt was made to keep the peace by requiring both sides to submit grievances to binding arbitration. Fragile Balance of Power A complicated partially ideological political conflict between Spartan-ally Corinth and her neutral daughter city and strong naval power, Corcyra, led to Athenian involvement in Spartas realm. Corcyra appealed to Athens for help, offering to Athens the use of its navy. Corinth urged Athens to remain neutral. But since Corcyras navy was powerful, Athens was concerned that it would fall into Spartan hands and disrupt whatever fragile balance of power the city-states were maintaining. Athens signed a defense-only treaty and sent a fleet to Corcyra. Fighting ensued and Corcyra, with Athens aid, won the Battle of Sybota against Corinth in 433. Athens now knew that direct battle with Corinth was inevitable. Spartan Promises to Athens Ally Potidaea was part of the Athenian empire, but also a daughter city of Corinth. Athens feared a revolt, with good reason, since the Potidaeans had secretly acquired a promise of Spartan support, to invade Athens, in violation of the 30 years treaty. Megarian Decree Athens former ally, the polis Megara, had allied with Corinth at Sybota and elsewhere, and Athens, therefore, put a peacetime embargo on Megara. Historians are not clear on the embargos effects, some saying that Megara was merely made uncomfortable, while others claim that it set the polis on the brink of starvation. The embargo was not an act of war, but Corinth took the opportunity to urge all allies disaffected with Athens to pressure Sparta now to invade Athens. There were enough hawks among the ruling bodies in Sparta to carry the war motion. And so the full-fledged Peloponnesian War began. Sources Kagan, Donald. The Peloponnesian War. Viking, 2003Sealey, Raphae. The Causes of the Peloponnesian War. Classical Philology, vol. 70, no. 2, April 1975, pp. 89-109.Thucydides. The History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Richard Crawley, J.M. Dent and Sons, 1910.

Cosmos Episode 13 Viewing Worksheet

Cosmos Episode 13 Viewing Worksheet As a teacher, I am always on the lookout for great science videos to show my classes. I use these either as a supplement to help enhance a topic we are learning or sometimes as a reward for the students on a movie day. They also come in handy when I have to plan for a substitute teacher to take over my classes for a day. It isnt always easy to find something relevant, educational, and entertaining. Thankfully, Fox brought back the Cosmos series and updated it using the awesome Neil deGrasse Tyson as host. I now have a whole series of outstanding science shows to show the students. However, I need to make sure the students understand and absorb the material. Below is a set of questions for Cosmos Episode 13, entitled Unafraid of the Dark,  that can be copy and pasted (and then tweaked as necessary) into a worksheet. It can be used as a note taking guide while watching the show, or afterward as a type of quiz or informal assessment.   Cosmos Worksheet Sample   Cosmos Episode 13 Worksheet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Name:______________   Directions: Answer the questions as you watch episode 13 of Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey   1.  Who is the city of Alexandria in Egypt named after? 2.  Why were all ships that landed in the port at Alexandria searched? 3. What are 2 things Neil deGrasse Tyson says that the librarian Eratosthenes did during his lifetime? 4. How many scrolls were estimated to be kept in the library at Alexandria?   5. What three continents were on the very first globe?   6. What did Victor Hess discover was in the air when he did his series of experiments in his hot air balloon?   7. How did Victor Hess determine radiation in the air was not coming from the Sun?   8. Where did the cosmic rays really come from? 9. Who does Neil deGrasse Tyson call â€Å"the most brilliant man you’ve never heard of†?   10. What is a supernova?   11. What were the â€Å"shrunken stars† called?   12. What does Neil deGrasse Tyson say is what he loves most about science? 13. What did Fritz Zwicky find odd about the Coma Cluster of galaxies? 14. Why does Mercury travel much faster than Neptune? 15. What unusual thing did Vera Rubin discover about the Andromeda Galaxy? 16. Why can you not tell how close a supernova is based on its brightness alone? 17. What are the kinds of supernovas that have a constant brightness called?   18. What did astronomers discover about the universe in 1998? 19. What year were Voyagers I and II launched? 20. What is Jupiter’s red spot?   21. Which of Jupiter’s moons has more water (trapped under ice) than Earth?   22. How fast are the winds on Neptune? 23. What is shot out of the geysers on Neptune’s moon Titan?   24. What happens to the heliosphere when the solar wind calms down? 25. When was the last time the heliosphere collapsed all the way back to the Earth? 26. How did scientists determine the age of the iron left on the Earth’s ocean floor by a supernova? 27. What does Neil deGrasse Tyson call the â€Å"common unit of time† that is indicated on the Voyagers I and II that will be used to communicate with extraterrestrials? 28. What are three things included on the record put on Voyagers I and II?   29. What supercontinent made up all the land on Earth a billion years ago?   30. What planet did Neil deGrasse Tyson say the Earth probably looked like a billion years ago?   31. What would the colonial organisms in the world ocean soon evolve into on Earth a billion years ago? 32. How many orbits around the center of our galaxy will the Sun have made one billion years in the future? 33. What does Carl Sagan call the Earth when it is viewed from space? 34. What are the 5 simple rules that Neil deGrasse Tyson says all great researchers take to heart? 35. How has science been misused?

Nature of Wal-Mart Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 78

Nature of Wal-Mart Industry - Essay Example According to Fortune Global 500 in 2014, Wal-Mart was the biggest company by revenue and the largest employer in the private sector worldwide. The number of employees stood at 2.2 million making it is the most valuable company in the world. The operations of Wal-Mart are in three divisions namely Sams Club, Wal-Mart US, and Wal-Mart International with nine retail formats. The formats are supercenters, general merchandise, food and drugs, stores, bodegas, membership warehouse Clubs, cash and carry stores, apparel stores, restaurants, and soft discount stores. The Wal-Mart US is the largest with sales amounting to $258 billion operating discount stores, Neighborhood Markets, and Supercenters. Some of the Wal-Mart stores are located in Argentina, Canada, Brazil, and the UK. The company also involves global eCommerce, which is involved in online sales in the US with headquarters in San Francisco. The main competitors of Wal-Mart in North America include departmental stores such as Kmart, Target, Meijer, and Publix, which sell similar products. One of the main competitor is Target (TGT) in the retail market. Wal-Mart competes directly with Target (TGT) a discount retailer, which offers its goods and services at low prices. Just like Wal-Mart, TGT provides a wide range of products especially staple consumer goods such as household goods, clothing, food, and groceries. TGT also offers discount to its customers to attract them, which is also a common method in Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart sells products at lower prices to attract low-income consumers while TGT targets goes for affluent customers with their high quality merchandise. Both Target and Wal-Mart try to keep their profit margins high through cost reduction measures. Other competitors include Giant Tiger and the Real Canadian Superstore competing for the retail market. Wal-Mart also competes with Mexicos retail stores such as Soriana and Commercial Mexicana.

Economics as a instrument of power to curb Pakistan nuclear weapons Term Paper

Economics as a instrument of power to curb Pakistan nuclear weapons buildup - Term Paper Example Economics as a subject is at the centre of world attention, as it is through it that nations could face problems in their societies, ranging from stock market crash, to disasters, to devaluation of the currency or depression, economics involve the use of limited resources, its management and procuring additional resources. It is the method procurement which often runs debates in the local, as well in the international circles. Locally, the government might agree or disagree to views, and internationally rivals may limit the access to strategic resources (Chun, pp 4-5). The following report explores how economics is an element of national power and how has it helped to curb possible terrorist threats from certain third world countries like Pakistan. Pakistan’s nuclear arms build up Pakistan is a developing country situated in Asia, and suffers from many economics problems. It requires billions of dollars in foreign aid to feed its people, impart education to children and to fig ht insurgents, yet it was in the process of building a fourth nuclear reactor to produce more weapon fuel. Experts suggest that even without a reactor it had manufactured fuel for additional weapons and can soon be the world’s fifth largest arsenal, ahead of India and Britain. Threats include a possible takeover by the terrorists or the extremists by toppling the government of Pakistan and that can lead to a disaster. The biggest threat for Pakistan is not India, but rather the Taliban, and this has to be understood. Policies that can stop this mad race for nuclear arms can be taken by the United States by simply stopping all its financial help, but it can lead a whole lot of complications and destabilize Pakistan. What the US realizes is that stopping it is very difficult as countries such as India and China are also involved in the arms build ups, but slowing it down can be of significant help (Pakistan's Nuclear Folly, 2011). How economics can be used as an element of powe r Most people think of national power related to military power, there actually a lot more to it than the use of military power. A strong economy is that which can allow its leaders to choose some appropriate or desired end. Initially the United States had defined what people used to call an economic power. It had led the war against the Axis powers, fed millions of people around the world in aid and supplied materials wherever required. As times have changed and with the advent of Globalization the United States and other countries have to go beyond shores to get what they need. National leaderships can take various economic approaches to address any impending security concerns, by various economic methods. A country can always persuade or use its influence to change certain policies of other countries, such as reducing a trade import policy can make another nation agree to certain terms. A powerful country like the USA could force to change the behavior of any of its adversaries i f they pose any threat to international security. Lastly, a nation can end certain capabilities of the other nation by defeating them in some aim, such as overproducing something which the rival aims to produce to a certain capacity (Chun, pp.8-9). How the US achieves its goals as an economic power Foreign aid is a major component of the US budget and important for

Apple Strategic report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Apple Strategic report - Essay Example When one examines the financial figures from the time Jobs returned, the results are truly staggering. Essentially, he brought an organization from the brink of bankruptcy to one annually generating $25 billion dollars in net income and a stock valuation exceeding $500 per share ("Apple," 2011). While Tim Cooke assumed the CEO position after Jobs death the organization has retained its prominence. Currently Apple competes in a variety of market sectors: mp3 players, smart phones, personal computers, tablets, and they are rumored to be entering into the television market (Elmer, 2011). I. Internal Strategic Audit PESTEL Analysis Apple, Inc. competitive position involves a complex array of elements. Within this context of investigation a PESTL analysis has been established as a means of examining Apple’s market position. Political Analysis: To a large degree the organization has avoided significant political restrictions. While the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) readi ly intervenes in large business mergers, the extensive amount of competition at Apple’s level of operations is such that government intervention is not necessary. Political considerations only indirectly affect Apple through DOJ intervention in large-scale telecommunications suppliers competing for spectrum (Velazco, 2011). For instance, the government recently blocked a merger between AT&T and T-Mobile; the impact on Apple is in terms of maintaining overarching low cost services when usage patterns are considered (Velazco, 2011). One also considers the potential of foreign political risks. Currently over 50% of Apple’s sales are international and one considers the potential of such profits being affected by future political shifts related to patent or licensing concerns ("Apple's international sales," 2011). Economic Analysis: There are a number of economic considerations. One notes the macroeconomic recession shifts in both the United States and Europe hold the poten tial for a negative impact on Apple’s continued success. In these regards, one considers that Apple’s success has largely come from sales of quality electronics that necessitate a corresponding high price tag. Recessionary headwinds could potentially create a public shift towards lower cost product design. Social Analysis: In terms of social elements one considers that one of Apple’s greatest assets has been its innovative brand and marketing approach. While quality and innovation has greatly driven net profits a close contributing factor has been Apple’s branding as a chic alternative to dominant culture. While such an approach was viable when Microsoft and IBM remained dominant in the market, Apple has since become the mainstream to which they once positioned themselves. With the death of Steve Jobs one questions if they will be able to continue to maintain this cutting-edge brand. Technological Analysis: Apple’s current position in smart phones as a leading provider is most attributable to cutting edge technological design. The iPhone 4 was accompanied by the iPhone 4S in October 2011 continuing Apple’s commitment to innovation (Brown, 2011). In addition, Apple has recently implemented Siri, a voice activated recognition service. Latest reports have indicated that service providers have experienced tremendous challenges meeting data demands (Browning, 2011). Environmental Analysis: To a large extent Apple has been successful in becoming embroiled in environmental controversy. Still, recent

Fantastic Voyage Battle of the Lung Essay Example for Free

Fantastic Voyage Battle of the Lung Essay Good morning everyone! Signing on, India Hornsby with ASAP Health. I will be reporting live inside Mrs. Frizzle. She has been under the weather for about two days now. A bacterium is invading the lower lobe of her right lung. It’s my job to pilot the invasion and do a live report on what I see. I will enter from the right femoral vein and follow a path to the lower lobe of the right lung via the right pulmonary artery. I will be describing the structures that I pass by and through. Once I have reached the lung, I will describe the structures that I see and discuss how the body fights against the invader. After that I will exit the body cross the alveolar membrane on a path and out the nose. I will enter Mrs. Frizzle body through the femoral vein. The femoral vein is located in the upper thigh and pelvic region of the body and runs close to the femoral artery (Yahoo Health, 2012). It’s one of the larger veins in the venal system (Yahoo Health, 2012). The femoral vein returns blood in the leg to the heart via the iliac vein (WiseGeek, 2012). Continuing North from the femoral vein I will pass through the inguinal ligament. The inguinal ligament forms a band that runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubis area of the spine (Yahoo Health, 2012). It serves as a base to the inguinal canal because hernias can form there. The main function of the inguinal ligament is to protect the tissue that is constantly moving in the trunk and lower extremities of the body (Yahoo Health, 2012). From the inguinal ligament still heading north I will pass through the external iliac vein. The external iliac vein is a continuation of the femoral vein above the inguinal ligament. It starts at the groin and runs along the edge of the pelvic area (Yahoo Health, 2012). When it is combined with the internal iliac vein it forms the common iliac vein. The external iliac vein drains the leg and lower part of the anterior abdominal wall (Merriam-Webster, 2012). As I continue on I will pass the internal iliac vein to the East. The internal iliac vein combines with the external iliac vein to form the common iliac vein. It drains the pelvis, gluteal, and perineal regions (Merriam-Webster, 2012). Next I will be passing through the common iliac vein, which is formed by the external and internal iliac veins. It allows blood circulation from the lower abdomen and legs (Wise Geek, 2012). The hepatic vein carries deoxygenated blood out of the liver and into the inferior vena cava (Wise Geek, 2012). The blood that was used to feed the liver and the blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder is transported through the hepatic vein. From the hepatic vein I will then pass through the inferior vena cava. The inferior vena cava runs behind the abdominal cavity and alongside the right vertebra column of the spine (Yahoo Health, 2012). It carries oxygen depleted blood from the lower part of the body back to the heart. The inferior vena cava empties into the right atrium (Yahoo Health, 2012). Next stop is the right atrium. It’s located on the lower back side of the heart. The right atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart. Blood enters the heart through the two atriums (Yahoo Health, 2012). Oxygen depleted blood enters the right atrium via the inferior and superior vena cava (Yahoo Health, 2012). I will then pass through the tricuspid valve. It forms the boundary between the right ventricle and atrium (Yahoo Health, 2012). The tricuspid valve has tree flaps that keep blood from going back into the right atrium when they are closed. Next I will be moving on to the right ventricle. It is one of the four chambers of the heart, located at the lower left portion of the heart below the right atrium and opposite the left ventricle (Yahoo Health, 2012). The right ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygen depleted blood to the lungs. I will now pass through the right pulmonary artery. It begins at the base of the heart’s right ventricle and is approximately 3 cm in diameter and 5 cm in length (Yahoo Health, 2012). It then splits into the left and right pulmonary arteries. The right pulmonary artery delivers oxygen depleted blood to the right lung. From the right pulmonary artery I have made it to the right lung. Once in the lung I will travel South West to reach the lower lobe of the right lung. I’m finally in the lung. I can finally see what it looks like. I see a structure that looks like a three without leaves. I am passing the right primary bronchi. It is a tube like structure that allow for the passage of air between the trachea and lung (Health Type, 2012). As I move along the right primary bronchi branches off into the right secondary bronchi. Each one of the bronchi serves as an airway to a specific lobe of the lung (Wikipedia, 2011). The bronchi have cartilage plates, smooth muscles, and mucus-secreting gland cells in its wall (Wikipedia, 2011). They contain cilia, which removes dust and debris. Wow! The right secondary bronchi are branching off into very small passageways called bronchioles. The bronchioles are responsible for controlling air distribution and airflow resistance in the lungs (Wise Geek, 2012). They also contain cilia that help move air through the system. The bronchioles are now terminating at the alveolar ducts. They are the tiny end ducts that fill the lungs. At the end of the alveolar ducts are the alveolar sacs. The alveolar sacs resemble a cluster of grapes (Structure and Function, 2008). The walls of the alveolar sacs are made up of numerous alveoli, each of them resemble a single grape (Structure and Function, 2008). To fight the bacterium invasion in Mrs. Frizzle body a group of many organs and billions of freely-moving and trillions of free-floating molecules in different areas of the body work together (Structure and Function, 2008). Nonspecific or innate immunity is maintained by mechanisms that attack any irritant or abnormal substance that threatens the internal environment (Structure and Function, 2008). Mrs. Frizzle nonspecific immunity kicked in when the invading bacterium entered the lung. Pac man-like white blood cells called monocytes and macrophages take action. They then busily recruit a number of other cells including more macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells (Greater Immunity, 2010). All these cells work together to defeat the invader. In the body’s defense, Mrs. Frizzle will develop a fever. The fever is the body’s way of dealing more effectively with the invader. Later, during recovery, lymphocytes become active and create antibodies which will help Mrs. Frizzle deal with that particular bacterium, if she happens to encounter it again (Greater Immunity, 2010). The activated lymphocytes and antibodies become part of Mrs. Frizzle acquired immunity. Specific or acquired immunity includes protective mechanisms that confer specific protection against certain types of invading bacteria or other toxic material (Structure and Function, 2008). Mrs. Frizzle built up specific immunity during her illness. Her memory cells in her immune system learned the illness and remembered how to beat it in the future if it was to occur again. Specific immunity can be natural or artificial. Natural immunity is naturally inherited from the parents. Artificial immunity is immunization. Now that the â€Å"Battle of the Lung† is documented I can return home. I will now cross the alveolar membrane into the alveoli. I will take the alveoli to the bronchioles. From the bronchioles I will pass through the bronchi. I will then take the bronchi to the trachea. Next I will take the trachea to the nasopharynx. Upon leaving the nasopharynx I will arrive at the orthopharynx. I will then take the orthopharynx to my destination, out the nose. This was indeed a fantastic voyage. I hope you have learned just as much as I have. Signing out, India Hornsby at ASAP Health.

The Use of Oils in Sacraments Essay -- Bible Christianity Sacrament Ri

The Use of Oils in Sacraments 'Go, then, to all peoples everywhere and make them my disciples: baptize them in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit†¦'; Many of the sacraments that are celebrated today involve the use of oil. Baptism and confirmation are the two principle sacraments involving oils. In the Church liturgies, the actual significance of oil is often not known (or at least not fully) to the members of the parish faith community. This paper will examine the meaning of oil, the sacraments in which it is used, and prayers associated with it. There are three oils that are used in various sacraments: Chrism, Oil of Infirm, and the Oil of the Sick. The three oils are all equally important; however, an emphasis of sorts has been placed on the Sacred Chrism and the Oil of Infirm. The first sacrament, which will be examined, is baptism. The sacrament of baptism is most commonly associated with newborn children. The newborns (or adults) are new members of the Church, and new members of the Body of Christ. As with any sacrament, there is a standard procedure to follow when the sacrament is administered. Oil is not introduced in the Rite of Baptism until after the general intercessions, '†¦to introduce either the anointing with the oil of catechumens, or the laying on of hands.'; The oil is one of the most significant items used in the celebration of the Rite. Jesus, himself, particularly encouraged children to be baptized, 'Let the children come to me, and do not stop them, because the Kingdom of God belongs to such as these.'; During the time of Jesus, oil was used primarily used to show royalty; at this point in time, kings were the only 'anointed ones'. 'The completion of the sacrament consists, first, of the anointing with chrism, which signifies the royal priesthood of the baptized and enrollment into the company of the people of God†¦'; . Clearly, Chrism has a very powerful meaning in the celebration of baptism. Two thousand years ago, the Chrism was a sign of royalty and the tradition has carried on to today, where the 'royalty' are still anointed. The Church encourages that baptism be celebrated before the entire faith community. Baptisms usually take place during the Sunday liturgy. During the actual anointing of the candidates the celebrant says: 'we anoint you with the oil of salvation in the name of Christ ... ...me form of anointing. The anointing is always to fortify the recipient. Anointing also solidifies the body and soul, which are temples of the Holy Spirit. WORKS CITED Benedict XIV, Ep. Ex quo primum tempore 52: Benedicti XIV -- Bullarium, v. 3 (Prati, 1847) 320. Bouley, Adam, Catholic Rites Today Abridged Texts For Students. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press 1992, 164. Cyril of Jerusalem, Catech. 18, 33: PG 33, 1056. Epistolae Pontificae ad Concilium Florentinum spectantes, G. Hoffman, ed., Concilium Florentinum v. 1, ser. A, part 2 (Rome, 1944) 128. Mark 10:14 Sacramentary - Anointing Outside the Mass, Anointing, 124 Sacramentary -- A, Order Of A Baptism Celebrated By the Minister, 17 Sacramentary -- A, Structure of the Rite of Baptizing Children, 3 Sacramentary -- B, Prayer of Exorcism and Anointing Before Baptism, 50 Sacramentary - Rite of Confirmation Within the Mass, The Anointing With Chrism, 27 Sacramentary - Ordination of a Priest, Anointing of Hands, 24 Sacramentary - Anointing Outside the Mass, Anointing, 124 Tertullian, De resurrectione mortuorum 8, 3:CCL 2, 931. Trent, Unctione, ch. 2: Denz-Schon 1696

Daystar` by Rita Dove Essay

In the poem â€Å"Daystar† Rita Dove uses different stylistics devices and language means to create a message of the poem and appeal to readers emotions. Using stylistic devices the poetess hides themes and motives giving only a slight hint to readers about the symbolic meaning of the objects and words. Rita Dove uses language means to convey the unique message and shape the atmosphere of the poem.   Thesis Dove persuades the readers to think over eternal truths and virtues of a common woman, her daily tasks and routine work typical for every mother and wife. Rita Dove depicts events and life struggle through women’s eyes. The readers feel that it is not a voice of the author, but a voice of the woman who really bears enormous burden of housekeeping. Dove communicates with the readers through the character of a woman. Persona in the poetry is a prototype of a particular person within a class, culture, background, etc. Rita Dove refers to the woman as â€Å"she† underlining unimportance of her social status and background. And as the most important, this stylistic device helps the author to shaped physical reality and psychological state of the woman: â€Å"she was nothing, pure nothing† (Dove). Rita Dove uses connotation and denotation to create tension in the poem. For instance, the phrase â€Å"the little room for thinking† has both connotative and denotative meaning. The desire to escape from the reality creates the feeling of fatality, and for this reason the woman tries to find the place â€Å"that was hers for an hours†. Also, â€Å"the little room for thinking† can be interpreted as both personal freedom and evolution of emotional perception of the world. The title â€Å"daystar† has a double meaning: direct and indirect. On the one hand, it means â€Å"sun† and â€Å"light†, but on the other hand it symbolizes the role of a wife and a mother in the family. The title reflects the main idea of the poem connected with experience of a mother. This title suggests neither positive nor negative experience, but informs readers about importance of her daily duties for the entire family. The readers derive the meaning of this symbol from the context and events depicted by the author: â€Å"the children’s snap†, â€Å"diapers steaming on the line† (Dove). Imagery is another language device used by the author to shape the poem. Rita Dove uses fresh and vivid words to intensify, clarify and enrich meaning of the poem, for instance â€Å"a floating maple leaf†, â€Å"lugged a chair†, etc. It is possible to say that the images thus present an idea in terms of physical sensation. On the other hand, imagery shapes the poem creating feelings of dissatisfaction and cynical indifference. A successful image helps to make the readers feel the writer’s grasp of the object and situation she is dealing with, gives her grasp of it with precision, vividness, force, economy; and to make such an impact on the readers, its content, the stuff of which it is made. For instance, the image of â€Å"building a palace† means dreams of the women and her life hopes. Ambiguity helps the author to concentrate on a hidden meaning of the poem and disengage from traditional interpretation of the mother’s role. Ambiguity helps to look at social values through unique perception of the world typical for mothers. Strength of the work is its deep philosophical meaning depicted through the theme of gaily life of the mother exhausted by her duties. â€Å"Other days she stared until she / was assured when she closed / her eyes she’d only see her own / vivid blood† (Dove). The woman is caught in her social role and cannot go beyond this predetermined status. The symbolic interpretation of the events, comparison and contrast between the meaning of dark and light helps the writer to hold a reader’s attention. The differences are slight, and need special attention of the reader to grasp the idea. The difference in the mood has a particular metaphoric meaning, which adds pathos to the whole poem: â€Å"She would open her eyes / and think of the place that was hers / for an hour, ‘ in the middle of the day† (Dove). The other problem is that the woman tries to escape from her daily tasks in new settings as the only possible way to overcome enormous emotional pressure. â€Å"She had an hour, at best, ‘before Liza appeared pouting from the top of the stairs† (Dove). This is a free verse poem which bears resemble with a short story. Almost every rhyming word has significance in that it is associated with one or another of the main thought-feelings of the poem: daily tasks and role of the mother, despair and tiredness. The diction of the words is one of the essential elements used by Rita Dove to suggest the inevitability of daily tasks and routine work for the woman. Two stressed words put together imitate emotions and feelings of the mother, for instance â€Å"And just what was mother doing / out back with the field mice? / Why, building a palace† (Dove). Rhetorical questions help to shape and give a clarity and edge to the content, to the thought and feelings. Deep human emotions embroil reality and imaginary world of the nameless woman, but Dove leaves it to readers to decide her thoughts and feelings. In sum, the stylistic devices are employed by the author to enliven the narration, make it more vivid and palpable. Dove creates a powerful and true-to-life story about real experience of mothers exhausted by daily tasks. The unique combination of stylistic devices can be regarded as Dove’s style of writing which helps her to create powerful images of the woman and her daily life. Dove’s use of imagery and tone is a profoundly significant part of her style. Though Dove main ¬tains, both directly in his choice of theme and indirectly in his empathetic attitude, an overwhelming faith in love and importance of a mother as symbolized by a â€Å"daystar†. References 1. Dove, R. Daystar. Available at: http://www.ctadams.com/ritadove7.html